records
184 records
Research topics
Foreign-Related Dispute Resolution
Adjudication, arbitration, mediation, judicial assistance, and recognition and enforcement.
Topic snapshot
Official English
149 / 184
Year range
1945 - 2026
Authorities
UNCITRAL · 16 records
Resource types
Treaty / Convention
68 records
International Organization Material
55 records
Scholarship
28 records
Case
13 records
Law
8 records
Database / Platform
5 records
Judicial Document
4 records
White Paper / Report
3 records
Top authorities
UNCITRAL
16 records
World Trade Organization (WTO)
13 records
Hague Conference on Private International Law (HCCH)
10 records
Hague Conference on Private International Law
9 records
Supreme People’s Court
7 records
United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL)
6 records
Latest in topic
WTO Legal Texts Index
WTO's legal-texts index brings together core multilateral agreements and related texts of the WTO system, including core trade remedies, intellectual property, services, and investment instruments.
UNCTAD International Investment Agreements Hub (China)
This entry links China-related IIAs and investment treaty texts, useful for checking treaty status and signature and entry into force data.
UN Convention on the Law of the Sea Gateway
The UN Law of the Sea Division portal consolidates history, full-text access, ratification/acceptance data, and convention-related documentation for UNCLOS, useful as a primary starting point for maritime legal governance.
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (Full Text PDF)
The UN official PDF text collection for UNCLOS provides the convention provisions and annexes used as the primary legal basis for marine jurisdiction, navigation, fisheries, marine environment, and dispute-settlement structures.
ITLOS Statute (Annex VI to UNCLOS)
Annex VI to UNCLOS contains the Statute of ITLOS, including composition, jurisdiction, procedure and dispute categories, central to understanding judicial remedies in international marine disputes.
International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) Official Portal
The ITLOS portal provides official information on the Tribunal, its organization, competence and core procedural framework for understanding international marine dispute adjudication.
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International Organizations and Global Governance
124 records
Trade and Investment
103 records
Jurisdictions and Regional Legal Systems
44 records
Corporate Compliance
21 records
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International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
UNCITRAL Regional Centre for Asia and the Pacific
UNCITRAL-RCAP supports commercial-law harmonization, dispute resolution, e-commerce, trade-law capacity building, and Asia-Pacific regional activities relevant to China and regional legal governance.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
UNCITRAL Working Group III on ISDS Reform
UNCITRAL Working Group III addresses investor-State dispute settlement reform, including investment mediation, appellate mechanisms, advisory centres, and procedural reforms.
UNCTAD Investment Policy Hub: China IIA Navigator
UNCTAD’s China IIA Navigator lists China’s BITs, treaties with investment provisions, and investment-related instruments, supporting research on investment treaties, ISDS, and treaty reform.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
WTO Dispute Settlement Gateway
The WTO dispute settlement gateway provides access to the DSU, case search, member participation data, and explanations of the WTO dispute settlement system.
SPC third batch of typical mediation cases in foreign-related commercial and maritime disputes
The third batch covers cross-border investment, equity transfer, sales contracts, vessel operation, maritime salvage, and recognition and enforcement of foreign-related arbitral awards.
Official Chinese English summary
China makes solid strides in international civil and commercial judicial assistance
The Ministry of Justice describes progress in civil and commercial judicial assistance, including service of documents, evidence taking, and recognition and enforcement of judgments.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
International Organization for Mediation officially inaugurated
The International Organization for Mediation opened in Hong Kong as an intergovernmental organization dedicated to mediation-based resolution of international disputes.
Fifth batch of typical Belt and Road-related cases
The fifth batch of Belt and Road-related cases covers independent guarantees, construction contracts, and recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments and arbitral awards.
Official Chinese English summary
2025 People’s Courts Typical Antimonopoly Cases
The 2025 SPC antimonopoly typical cases address horizontal monopoly agreements, administrative monopoly, and trade association conduct, supporting competition-law and corporate compliance research.
Official Chinese English summary
SPC Guiding Cases on Judicial Protection of Data Rights
The SPC’s first data-rights guiding cases address data entitlement, data product use, personal information protection, and transfer of online platform accounts.
Official Chinese English summary
SPC second batch of typical mediation cases in foreign-related commercial and maritime disputes
The second batch involves parties from Singapore, Bangladesh, Uzbekistan, Türkiye, Switzerland, the Marshall Islands, Côte d’Ivoire, Chile, and others, emphasizing maritime justice and high-level opening-up.
Official Chinese English summary
First batch of typical foreign-related commercial and maritime mediation cases
The Supreme People's Court released typical foreign-related commercial and maritime mediation cases, highlighting diversified dispute resolution and maritime adjudication practice.
Official Chinese English summary
SPC first batch of typical mediation cases in foreign-related commercial and maritime disputes
The SPC’s first batch of six typical mediation cases covers parties from Singapore, Korea, Italy, the United States, and others, illustrating diversified dispute resolution in foreign-related commercial and maritime matters.
CICC Belt and Road Case: Letter of Credit Issuance Dispute
The CICC selected case from the SPC Belt and Road case digest illustrates issues in cross-border finance, letters of credit, and international commercial adjudication.
Official Chinese English summary
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
International Organization for Mediation Basic Documents
The IOMed basic documents page includes the Convention on the Establishment of the International Organization for Mediation and related institutional materials.
China Maritime Trial (2022-2024)
An SPC English-language report on China’s maritime trial work from 2022 to 2024, including institutional developments, typical cases, and international maritime judicial cooperation.
White Paper on Foreign-Related Rule of Law Development in Pudong New Area
Pudong’s white paper documents local practice in institutional opening-up, foreign-related legal services, international commercial dispute resolution, and business environment reform.
The Rule of Law System for China’s Marine Security
This Frontiers in Marine Science article examines China’s marine security rule-of-law system, relevant to maritime governance, overseas interests, and foreign-related legal capacity.
SPC maritime trial guiding cases
The SPC’s 2024 maritime guiding cases cover carriage of goods by sea, salvage, vessel collision liability, limitation funds, recognition of foreign judgments, and applicable law.
Official Chinese English summary
Collaborative Bases for Foreign-Related Rule-of-Law Talent Training
This Procuratorial Daily article discusses collaborative training bases that bring practice resources into legal education and connect teaching, research, and case-handling practice.
Official Chinese English summary
Coordination of Legal Departments in Foreign-Related Rule-of-Law Education
This English-language education article uses coordination between criminal law and international law as an example for designing foreign-related rule-of-law education and interdisciplinary talent training.
A Critical Appraisal on China’s Blocking Statutes from a Private Actor’s Perspective
The article evaluates China’s blocking statutes from the perspective of private actors, legal uncertainty, conflicting obligations, and procedural support.
Typical cases on ascertainment and application of foreign law
The Supreme People's Court released the first batch of cases on ascertainment and application of foreign law in foreign-related civil and commercial disputes.
Foreign-Related Dispute ResolutionJurisdictions and Regional Legal SystemsTheory of Foreign-Related Rule of Law
Official Chinese English summary
SPC overview of foreign-related commercial and maritime trials serving high-level opening-up
An SPC overview of foreign-related, Hong Kong/Macao/Taiwan-related, and maritime trials from 2013 to 2024, offering background on caseloads, mechanisms, and practice innovations.
Foreign-Related Dispute ResolutionProtection of Overseas InterestsInternational Organizations and Global Governance
Official Chinese English summary
China’s Foreign State Immunity Law: A View from the United States
William S. Dodge introduces China’s Foreign State Immunity Law to English-language readers and compares it with U.S. FSIA experience.
How China’s Supreme People’s Court Supports the Development of Foreign-Related Rule of Law
This China Law and Society Review article analyzes the SPC’s role in foreign-related adjudication, judicial interpretations, typical cases, and the China International Commercial Court.
Empirical Analysis of Difficulties in Ascertaining Foreign Law
Based on foreign-related civil and commercial cases, the article discusses difficulties, cost allocation, and procedural improvement in ascertaining foreign law.
Foreign-Related Dispute ResolutionJurisdictions and Regional Legal SystemsTheory of Foreign-Related Rule of Law
Official Chinese English summary
SPC Typical Cases on Judicial Review of Arbitration
The SPC typical cases address recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards, Hong Kong awards, validity of arbitration agreements, public policy, and arbitration procedure.
Official Chinese English summary
SPC Typical Cases on Applying International Treaties and Practices
The SPC released twelve typical cases applying instruments such as the CISG, Montreal Convention, New York Convention, Apostille Convention, and York-Antwerp Rules.
Official Chinese English summary
Apostille Convention in force for China
The HCCH 1961 Apostille Convention entered into force for China on November 7, 2023, simplifying cross-border use of public documents.
Fourth Batch of Belt and Road Typical Cases
The SPC’s fourth batch of Belt and Road typical cases covers international sales, demand guarantees, letters of credit, insurance subrogation, derivatives, legal services, and recognition of foreign judgments.
Official Chinese English summary
2023 Amendments to the Civil Procedure Law on Foreign-Related Procedures
The 2023 amendments to the Civil Procedure Law strengthened rules on foreign-related jurisdiction, service, evidence taking, and recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments.
Foreign-Related Dispute ResolutionProtection of Overseas InterestsJurisdictions and Regional Legal Systems
Official Chinese English summary
Law on Foreign State Immunity of the People's Republic of China
The Law on Foreign State Immunity defines China's jurisdictional rules for civil cases involving foreign states and their property.
Torts and liability under Article 12 of China’s Anti-Foreign Sanctions Law
The article analyzes Article 12 of the Anti-Foreign Sanctions Law through tort, joint liability, and damages theories.
Official Chinese English summary
Provisions on jurisdiction over foreign-related civil and commercial cases
The Supreme People's Court provisions clarify jurisdictional arrangements for foreign-related civil and commercial cases and support more efficient adjudication.
Official Chinese English summary
The China International Commercial Court: Towards an Integrated Dispute Resolution System
A CICC research article on how the one-stop mechanism integrates litigation, arbitration, and mediation into an integrated dispute resolution system.
Pathways for Chinese courts to participate in cross-border data governance
The essay examines courts’ roles in cross-border data disputes, including jurisdiction, conflict rules, evidence, recognition and enforcement, and judicial cooperation.
Cross-Border Data and Digital Rule of LawForeign-Related Dispute ResolutionInternational Organizations and Global Governance
Official Chinese English summary
A review of the Anti-Foreign Sanctions Law
This Journal of International Economic Law article reviews the Anti-Foreign Sanctions Law, including countermeasures, prohibitions, private remedies, and business implications.
Official Chinese English summary
Conservative Innovation: The Ambiguities of the China International Commercial Court
This open-access AJIL Unbound essay frames the CICC as conservative innovation and examines its one-stop design, jurisdictional limits, and transnational enforcement issues.
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (RCEP)
RCEP entered into force for China on January 1, 2022. The agreement covers goods, rules of origin, customs procedures, services, investment, IP, e-commerce, and dispute settlement.
A Chinese Approach to International Commercial Dispute Resolution: The China International Commercial Court
An insider article in The Chinese Journal of Comparative Law on the CICC, its one-stop mechanism, expert committee, and recommendations for improvement.
Civil Code of the PRC
The Civil Code’s contract, property, personality-rights, and tort rules provide key domestic-law foundations for foreign-related civil and commercial disputes.
Official Chinese English summary
China’s International Commercial Court: Background, Obstacles and the Road Ahead
This Journal of International Dispute Settlement article compares the CICC with other international commercial courts and analyzes jurisdiction, internationalization, and enforcement challenges.
Challenges and Opportunities for the China International Commercial Court
An International & Comparative Law Quarterly article analyzing the CICC framework, challenges for overseas parties, and reform opportunities from a comparative perspective.
Singapore Convention on Mediation: China's signature status
China signed the Singapore Convention on Mediation on August 7, 2019. The Convention provides a framework for cross-border enforcement of mediated settlement agreements.
HCCH 2019 Judgments Convention: China Status
The 2019 Judgments Convention provides a multilateral framework for recognition and enforcement of foreign civil or commercial judgments; CICC materials provide a China-facing entry point.
Treaty Database of the People's Republic of China
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs treaty database provides public access to important bilateral and multilateral treaties concluded or acceded to by China.
Law of the PRC on International Criminal Judicial Assistance
This law governs international criminal judicial assistance in investigation, prosecution, trial, enforcement, evidence, asset freezing, confiscation, return of proceeds, and transfer of sentenced persons.
Foreign-Related Dispute ResolutionProtection of Overseas InterestsJurisdictions and Regional Legal Systems
Official Chinese English summary
A Brief Introduction of China International Commercial Court
The China International Commercial Court, established by the Supreme People's Court, adjudicates international commercial cases and supports a one-stop dispute resolution mechanism.
HCCH 2005 Choice of Court Convention: China Status
HCCH status materials record China’s signature status for the 2005 Choice of Court Convention, relevant to exclusive choice-of-court agreements and circulation of judgments.
Law on the Law Applicable to Foreign-Related Civil Relations
This law sets conflict-of-law rules for foreign-related civil relations and is a foundational text for foreign law ascertainment, private international law, and cross-border civil and commercial disputes.
Cape Town Convention: China Status and Declarations
UNIDROIT records China as a party to the Cape Town Convention, in force for China from June 1, 2009, with declarations relevant to aircraft finance, leasing, and secured transactions.
Special Maritime Procedure Law of the People’s Republic of China
The law sets special procedures for maritime jurisdiction, preservation of maritime claims, arrest and auction of ships, maritime injunctions, evidence preservation, and related proceedings.
HCCH Evidence Convention: China Status Table
The HCCH Evidence Convention supports taking evidence abroad in civil or commercial matters. The HCCH status table records China’s accession, entry into force, declarations, reservations, and authorities.
HCCH Service and Evidence Conventions: China entry point
The HCCH Service and Evidence Conventions are core mechanisms for civil and commercial judicial assistance involving China, with the Ministry of Justice serving as central authority.
Arbitration Law of the People’s Republic of China
The Arbitration Law governs arbitration agreements, commissions, proceedings, setting aside awards, enforcement, and special provisions for foreign-related arbitration.
ICSID Convention and China
The ICSID Convention entered into force for China in 1993. China's notifications are a key reference for investor-state dispute settlement research.
Maritime Code of the People’s Republic of China
The Maritime Code governs vessels, maritime transport contracts, limitation of liability, general average, and foreign-related maritime legal issues.
HCCH Service Convention: China Status Table
The HCCH Service Convention is a core instrument for service abroad in civil or commercial matters. The HCCH status table records China’s accession, entry into force, declarations, and authorities.
United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods and China
The CISG is a core uniform law instrument for international sales contracts and has long shaped Chinese foreign-related commercial adjudication and arbitration practice.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
HCCH China Member Profile
The HCCH China member profile lists contact organs and convention-related information, serving as a gateway for private international law conventions and judicial cooperation mechanisms.
New York Convention on Foreign Arbitral Awards and China
China acceded to the New York Convention in 1987. The Convention is the core treaty for recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards.
The Practice of International Law in Safeguarding National Interests
In a public lecture, Huang Huikang argued that legal argumentation in international disputes has become central to protecting national interests, and stressed that major-power diplomacy must be law-centered while resisting politicization of legal rules.
Theory of Foreign-Related Rule of LawForeign-Related Dispute ResolutionSanctions and Countermeasures
Official Chinese English summary
Legislative Logic of the Draft Law on Foreign Relations: Orthodoxy and Innovation
This lecture review from Nanjing University records Huang Huikang’s analysis of the draft Law on Foreign Relations, highlighting integrated design across legal levels and the need to connect legislation, policy, and enforcement.
Official Chinese English summary
On Strengthening the Foreign-Related Rule-of-Law System
The address presents an integrated framework for foreign-related rule-of-law building through coordinated legislation, enforcement, and adjudication, including rules for extraterritorial application and countering abusive long-arm jurisdiction.
Theory of Foreign-Related Rule of LawSanctions and CountermeasuresForeign-Related Dispute Resolution
Official Chinese English summary
Territorial Status and Right to Self-Determination of the Ryukyu Islands
Ruo Huanxin’s article analyzes the legal status of the Ryukyu Islands and self-determination claims through historical context and international legal criteria.
Foreign-Related Dispute ResolutionJurisdictions and Regional Legal SystemsInternational Organizations and Global Governance
Official Chinese English summary
Language Challenges in the South China Sea Dispute
This English-language commentary analyzes how legal language and narrative framing in South China Sea disputes affect interpretation, implementation, and regime-level governance.
Foreign-Related Dispute ResolutionInternational Organizations and Global GovernanceJurisdictions and Regional Legal Systems
Official Chinese English summary
Temporal Legal Principles and Occupation-Based Acquisition of Islands
This article approaches island-status disputes through historical acts of occupation and temporal legal principles, analyzing how legal effects should be assessed under maritime law.
Jurisdictions and Regional Legal SystemsForeign-Related Dispute ResolutionInternational Organizations and Global Governance
Official Chinese English summary
Compulsory Dispute Settlement in the Law of the Sea and China's Response
Using the China–Philippines arbitration as context, the article discusses China’s procedural and legal response to dispute settlement mechanisms under UNCLOS.
Foreign-Related Dispute ResolutionJurisdictions and Regional Legal SystemsInternational Organizations and Global Governance
Official Chinese English summary
Conflicts and Coordination of Coastal-State Jurisdiction over Safety of Navigation in the South China Sea
This study focuses on conflicts of coastal-state jurisdiction in navigation safety and seeks legal coordination mechanisms between enforcement and safe passage objectives in contested waters.
Jurisdictions and Regional Legal SystemsForeign-Related Dispute ResolutionInternational Organizations and Global Governance
Official Chinese English summary
Restrictions on the Use of Force at Sea: An Environmental Protection Perspective
Examining use of force at sea and environmental protection, this article links maritime security enforcement to environmental governance and legitimacy constraints.
Jurisdictions and Regional Legal SystemsForeign-Related Dispute ResolutionInternational Organizations and Global Governance
Official Chinese English summary
DSU Appeal Arbitration and WTO Appellate Reform: A Viable Transitional Path
Li Xiaoling discusses how DSU appeal arbitration can preserve continuity in WTO dispute settlement when the Appellate Body is in transition.
Trade and InvestmentForeign-Related Dispute ResolutionInternational Organizations and Global Governance
Official Chinese English summary
Negotiation Pathways and Dilemmas in WTO Appellate Reform
The article maps negotiation deadlocks and strategic choices in WTO appellate reform, and explores practical responses from China’s perspective.
Trade and InvestmentInternational Organizations and Global GovernanceForeign-Related Dispute Resolution
Official Chinese English summary
WTO Security Exceptions: Evolution, Options, and China’s Response
The article traces WTO security exception practice since GATT and evaluates justiciability as well as non-violation remedies for constraining unilateral security-based measures.
Official Chinese English summary
Public Interest Considerations in WTO Anti-Dumping Law
Jiang Xiaohong examines how public-interest considerations can be integrated into anti-dumping adjudication and what doctrinal risks and constraints follow from this integration.
Trade and InvestmentForeign-Related Dispute ResolutionInternational Organizations and Global Governance
Official Chinese English summary
WTO Legal Texts Index
WTO's legal-texts index brings together core multilateral agreements and related texts of the WTO system, including core trade remedies, intellectual property, services, and investment instruments.
GATT 1994 Text
This entry contains the text of GATT 1994 and provides baseline reference for goods trade disciplines, MFN and national treatment principles in WTO law.
WTO Agreement on Anti-dumping
The Anti-dumping Agreement sets investigation standards, dumping determination framework, and remedies discipline for anti-dumping actions.
WTO Safeguards Agreement
The Safeguards Agreement governs emergency trade-restrictive measures for surges of imports and sets the related notification and review requirements.
WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures
The SCM Agreement classifies prohibited and actionable subsidies, and sets investigation and enforcement procedures for countervailing measures.
WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMs)
The TRIMs Agreement limits investment measures that are inconsistent with MFN, national treatment, and quantitative restrictions disciplines.
WTO Customs Valuation Provisions (Article VII)
The customs valuation text provides uniform valuation principles for customs duties and trade remedies, limiting arbitrary valuation in import administration.
UNCTAD International Investment Agreements Hub (China)
This entry links China-related IIAs and investment treaty texts, useful for checking treaty status and signature and entry into force data.
UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration (with 2006 amendments)
The Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration provides a core procedural framework for cross-border arbitration in commercial disputes.
UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Mediation (2018)
The 2018 UNCITRAL model law standardizes commercial mediation frameworks, including mediator duties, confidentiality, and enforceability of settlement outcomes.
Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction (1980)
The 1980 Convention governs prompt return and access arrangements in cross-border child abduction cases, including cooperation between central authorities.
Judicial Interpretation on Foreign Investment Reporting
Judicial guidance linked to the Foreign Investment Law clarifies remedy channels and procedural alignment for investor-related disputes.
WTO Agreement on Agriculture
A core WTO agriculture rulebook covering market access, domestic support, and export competition disciplines; it remains a key benchmark in agricultural trade disputes.
WTO Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures
The Agreement disciplines import licensing systems, emphasizing transparency, non-discrimination, and minimizing unnecessary restrictions on trade.
WTO Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes
The DSU is the foundational WTO text for consultations, paneling, appeals, and implementation of rulings in trade dispute settlement.
UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules (Revised 2010)
These rules provide a widely used procedural framework for arbitration clauses in commercial relations and are extensively used in ad hoc and institutional arbitrations.
UNCITRAL Rules on Transparency in Treaty-based Investor-State Arbitration
The rules create mandatory transparency standards for treaty-based investor-state arbitration, including public access and disclosure procedures while balancing due process.
UNCITRAL Expedited Arbitration Rules (2021)
The 2021 Expedited Rules provide a streamlined arbitration option for faster, lower-cost resolution where parties agree to proceed under compressed timelines.
UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts 2016
The UPICC 2016 provides a transnational baseline of general contract-law principles and is frequently used in international commercial contracts, courts, and arbitral tribunals.
UNIDROIT UPICC Model Clauses
The model clauses provide practical contract language to select and apply UPICC in dispute-related and performance contexts across jurisdictions.
ICSID Arbitration Rules (In force since 2006)
The ICSID Arbitration Rules govern procedural steps in ICSID Convention arbitration, including tribunal constitution, evidence, interim relief, and award processes.
Hague Choice of Court Convention 2005
The 2005 Convention enhances the effectiveness of exclusive choice-of-court clauses and provides a more predictable framework for recognition of judgments across borders.
Hague Judgments Convention 2019
The Convention sets uniform conditions for recognition and enforcement of civil and commercial judgments, improving predictability in cross-border litigation and enforcement.
Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption 1993
The 1993 Hague Adoption Convention establishes cooperation through central authorities for intercountry adoption with child-protection safeguards and recognition mechanisms.
WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM)
The SCM Agreement sets multilateral disciplines on prohibited and actionable subsidies and countervailing measures in trade disputes.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Transferable Records (2017)
MLETR enables electronic transferable records to function as functional equivalents of paper transferable instruments across borders.
Hague Apostille Convention
The Apostille Convention streamlines public document legalization and cross-border acceptance of official documents among member states.
Hague Convention on the Taking of Evidence in Civil or Commercial Matters (1970)
This convention facilitates cross-border taking of evidence in civil or commercial matters and judicial cooperation.
Hague Convention on the Service Abroad of Judicial and Extrajudicial Documents in Civil and Commercial Matters (1965)
The convention sets central authority channels and standardized procedures for serving judicial and extrajudicial documents abroad.
Charter of the United Nations
The UN Charter is the constitutional instrument of the United Nations, establishing sovereign equality, peaceful settlement of disputes, collective security, and the institutional basis for international legal cooperation.
Statute of the International Court of Justice
The ICJ Statute sets out the composition, jurisdiction, procedure and adjudicatory structure of the principal judicial organ of the United Nations.
Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (1961)
The Convention defines the legal regime of diplomatic missions, including privileges, immunities, and the legal status of diplomatic representation.
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969)
This convention sets the core rules for treaty making, interpretation, reservations, amendment, and invalidity, and is central to treaty interpretation.
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (1987)
The Montreal Protocol phases out ozone-depleting substances through differentiated obligations and amendment cycles and has near-universal participation.
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)
ICCPR provides core civil and political rights such as life, fair trial, due process and freedoms, widely used as a standard in state conduct and litigation.
Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT)
CAT establishes an absolute prohibition on torture and provides frameworks for prevention, enforcement obligations, and judicial cooperation.
Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC)
The Rome Statute establishes the International Criminal Court and defines core international crimes and jurisdiction rules affecting extradition and cross-border criminal cooperation.
Convention of 2 July 2019 on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments in Civil or Commercial Matters
The Hague Judgments Convention provides harmonized rules on recognition and enforcement of foreign civil and commercial judgments, supporting transnational enforcement cooperation.
Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization (Marrakesh Agreement)
The Marrakesh Agreement establishes the WTO and its agreements system, forming the constitutional framework for contemporary multilateral trade governance.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
UN Convention on the Law of the Sea Gateway
The UN Law of the Sea Division portal consolidates history, full-text access, ratification/acceptance data, and convention-related documentation for UNCLOS, useful as a primary starting point for maritime legal governance.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (Full Text PDF)
The UN official PDF text collection for UNCLOS provides the convention provisions and annexes used as the primary legal basis for marine jurisdiction, navigation, fisheries, marine environment, and dispute-settlement structures.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
ITLOS Statute (Annex VI to UNCLOS)
Annex VI to UNCLOS contains the Statute of ITLOS, including composition, jurisdiction, procedure and dispute categories, central to understanding judicial remedies in international marine disputes.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) Official Portal
The ITLOS portal provides official information on the Tribunal, its organization, competence and core procedural framework for understanding international marine dispute adjudication.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
Hague Service Convention (1965)
The 1965 Hague Convention on the Service Abroad of Judicial and Extrajudicial Documents in Civil or Commercial Matters provides the central-authority framework for cross-border transmission and service of documents.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
Hague Evidence Convention (1970)
The 1970 Hague Evidence Convention establishes channels for cross-border taking of evidence in civil or commercial matters through letters of request and other cooperative mechanisms.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
Hague Apostille Convention (1961)
The 1961 Hague Apostille Convention replaces cumbersome diplomatic/legalization processes for certain public documents through a single apostille system.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
Hague Convention on Choice of Court Agreements (2005)
This convention enhances certainty in international commercial litigation by supporting exclusive choice-of-court clauses and promoting recognition and enforcement of resulting judgments.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and Protocols
UNODC’s official page links the Convention against Transnational Organized Crime text together with the three Protocols on trafficking in persons, smuggling of migrants and illicit firearms.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) Text
UNODC-hosted UNCAC text serves as the core legal framework for anti-corruption prevention, criminalization, international cooperation, money-laundering coordination, and asset recovery.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
Budapest Convention on Cybercrime
The Budapest Convention is the first global treaty on cybercrime, harmonizing cyber offences and international cooperation including preservation and cross-border access to electronic evidence.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
ICSID Convention and Rules (Official Resources)
ICSID provides the Convention, Arbitration/Conciliation rules, and administrative rules, central to investment arbitration and state-investor dispute settlement under treaty-backed framework.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
ICC Arbitration Rules 2021
The ICC 2021 Arbitration Rules define case filing, tribunal constitution, procedural management and award-related steps for international commercial arbitration.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
ICAO Annex 17 to the Chicago Convention
Annex 17 sets minimum standards for safeguarding international civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference, forming a core universal safety governance instrument in aviation transport.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
WTO Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes
The Dispute Settlement Understanding is the core procedural instrument of WTO trade dispute law, covering consultations, panels, and the appellate review system.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
Statute of the International Court of Justice
The ICJ Statute sets out the Court’s composition, jurisdiction, procedure, and judgment regime, forming the constitutional basis of the principal judicial branch of the UN system.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
The Rome Statute establishes the ICC jurisdiction and procedures, including accountability for genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity.
Convention of 25 October 1980 on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction
This Convention provides a return-and-access framework for children wrongfully removed or retained across borders and is central to international family law cooperation.
European Convention on Human Rights
The European Convention on Human Rights is the core regional human rights instrument in Europe and underpins the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
Rules of Court of the European Court of Human Rights
The Rules of Court govern admissibility, interim measures, third-party participation and procedural steps before the European Court of Human Rights.
Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (New York Convention)
The 1958 New York Convention is the cornerstone treaty for recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards and for giving effect to arbitration agreements.
United Nations Convention on Transparency in Treaty-based Investor-State Arbitration (Mauritius Convention on Transparency)
The Mauritius Convention extends transparency rules to treaty-based investor-State arbitrations under pre-2014 investment treaties and advances openness in investment dispute settlement.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration
This Model Law covers arbitration agreements, tribunal powers, interim measures and award recognition, and is one of the most influential harmonization texts in arbitration law reform.
Multilateral Convention to Implement Tax Treaty Related Measures to Prevent BEPS
The BEPS MLI enables coordinated modification of bilateral tax treaties to implement anti-BEPS measures, treaty-abuse standards and dispute resolution improvements.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
ICSID Convention, Regulations and Rules (2022 edition)
The 2022 ICSID Convention, Regulations and Rules consolidate arbitration, conciliation, mediation, fact-finding and transparency-related procedures for investment disputes.
United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG)
The CISG is one of the core uniform law conventions on international sale contracts, governing formation, party obligations, remedies, and passing of risk.
Convention on the Limitation Period in the International Sale of Goods
This Convention harmonizes limitation rules for claims arising from international sales transactions and serves as an important complement to the CISG.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
HCCH Principles on Choice of Law in International Commercial Contracts
The HCCH Principles provide a neutral framework on party autonomy and choice of law in international commercial contracts for courts, arbitral tribunals and legislators.
Legal Guide to Uniform Instruments in the Area of International Commercial Contracts, with a Focus on Sales
This joint guide by UNCITRAL, HCCH and UNIDROIT maps the relationship among the CISG, the HCCH Principles and the UNIDROIT Principles, offering a practical roadmap to uniform contract law instruments.
Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air (Montreal Convention 1999)
The Montreal Convention 1999 modernizes and consolidates the Warsaw system by establishing uniform liability rules for international carriage of passengers, baggage and cargo by air.
Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States
The ICSID Convention is the foundational treaty for investor-State dispute settlement, governing jurisdiction, procedure and the recognition and enforcement framework for ICSID awards.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
UNCITRAL Rules on Transparency in Treaty-based Investor-State Arbitration
Effective from 2014, these Rules establish procedural standards for publication, openness and public accessibility in treaty-based investor-State arbitration.
Energy Charter Treaty
The Energy Charter Treaty is a major multilateral text on energy investment, trade, transit and dispute settlement, long used in cross-border energy investment protection and arbitration.
United Nations Convention on International Settlement Agreements Resulting from Mediation
The Singapore Convention on Mediation creates a cross-border enforcement framework for international settlement agreements resulting from mediation and is a major addition to global dispute resolution architecture.
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
Foundational global convention on the law of the sea covering maritime zones, navigation, the EEZ, the continental shelf, marine environmental protection and dispute settlement.
Agreement relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
Key implementing agreement to Part XI of UNCLOS concerning the deep seabed regime and the institutional framework for the Area.
Statute of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
The ITLOS Statute sets out the composition, jurisdiction and institutional basis of the Tribunal for the judicial settlement of law of the sea disputes.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
PCA Arbitration Rules 2012
PCA procedural rules for disputes involving States, state entities, intergovernmental organizations and private parties, important at the intersection of public and commercial dispute resolution.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
ICC Arbitration Rules 2021
One of the most widely used institutional rule sets in international commercial arbitration, highly relevant to cross-border contracts, consolidation, multi-party proceedings and emergency arbitration.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
UNCITRAL Mediation Rules (2021)
Provides a harmonized procedural framework for international mediation and complements the Singapore Convention and UNCITRAL model-law texts.
UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Mediation and International Settlement Agreements Resulting from Mediation (2018)
Model legislative text to help States modernize mediation law, providing uniform rules for mediation procedure and international settlement agreements resulting from mediation.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
UNCITRAL Guidelines on Mediation for International Investment Disputes (2023)
Guidance text on the use of mediation in international investment disputes, addressing suitability, procedure design, information handling and settlement arrangements.
Convention on Cybercrime (Budapest Convention)
The Budapest Convention is the central international treaty on cybercrime, covering substantive offences, electronic evidence, procedural powers and cross-border cooperation.
Second Additional Protocol to the Budapest Convention
The Second Additional Protocol strengthens cross-border access to electronic evidence and international cooperation, making it an important modern supplement to cybercrime mutual assistance rules.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
ICANN Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy
The UDRP is the core rule-set for addressing cybersquatting and trademark-based disputes in generic top-level domains and remains one of the most important foundational rules for cross-border domain name disputes.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
ICANN Rules for Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy
These rules govern the procedure for UDRP cases, including notice, response, decision-making and implementation, and serve as the direct procedural framework for domain dispute practice.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
WIPO Guide to the Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP)
This guide systematically explains the scope, evidence, procedure and WIPO case-administration process under the UDRP and is a high-frequency official reference in domain dispute practice.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
ICANN Uniform Rapid Suspension System (URS)
The URS complements the UDRP by offering a faster and lower-cost path to relief for more clear-cut cases of infringing domain name registrations.
Convention of 25 October 1980 on International Access to Justice
This convention aims to eliminate discrimination based on nationality or residence in cross-border civil and commercial litigation, covering legal aid, security for costs and access to documents.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
Singapore International Commercial Court
The SICC is one of Asia’s leading international commercial court platforms, offering an internationalised, English-language and procedurally flexible forum for cross-border commercial disputes.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
Singapore International Commercial Court Rules 2021
These rules govern jurisdiction, transfer, evidence, case management and appeals before the SICC and are important for studying the procedural design of international commercial courts.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
DIFC Courts Jurisdiction
This page explains the civil and commercial jurisdiction of the DIFC Courts, party opt-in arrangements and institutional role, making it an important entry point to international commercial court practice in the Middle East.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
DIFC Courts Rules
This page consolidates the DIFC Courts’ procedural rules across filing, evidence, enforcement, appeals and arbitration-related applications.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
ADGM Courts
The ADGM Courts are another internationalised commercial court platform in the Middle East, emphasising English common-law style procedure and digital court services in cross-border disputes.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
ADGM Court Procedure Rules 2016
These rules set out the detailed procedure of the ADGM Courts, including jurisdiction, service, evidence, hearings and recognition and enforcement, and are important for studying the design of internationalised commercial courts.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
Standing International Forum of Commercial Courts
SIFoCC is a major platform for commercial courts worldwide to exchange best practices and promote rule-of-law cooperation, making it valuable for tracking the evolution of international commercial court systems.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
LCIA Arbitration Rules 2020
The LCIA Rules are a leading institutional framework in international commercial arbitration, covering emergency arbitrators, expedited tribunal formation, consolidation, concurrent conduct and electronic communications.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
SIAC Rules 2025
The SIAC Rules are one of the most frequently used institutional rule sets in Asia and reflect Singapore’s procedural innovation and competitiveness in cross-border commercial dispute resolution.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
HKIAC 2024 Administered Arbitration Rules
The 2024 HKIAC Rules refine the 2018 version on efficiency, information security, costs and tribunal powers, making them a key text in the evolution of Hong Kong’s arbitration framework.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
SCC Arbitration Rules 2023
The SCC Rules are influential in European and investment arbitration practice and address efficiency, third-party submissions, cost allocation and case management.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
ICDR International Dispute Resolution Procedures
The ICDR Procedures page is the main rules portal for the international arm of the AAA, covering international arbitration and mediation rules, fees and related materials.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
UNCITRAL Practice Guide on Cross-Border Insolvency Cooperation (2009)
The Practice Guide offers practical guidance for judges and insolvency practitioners on communication, coordination and cooperation in cross-border insolvency cases.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
UNCITRAL Model Law on Recognition and Enforcement of Insolvency-Related Judgments (2018)
The Model Law addresses the recognition and enforcement of insolvency-related judgments and complements the cross-border insolvency framework with a harmonized procedure.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency: The Judicial Perspective
This explanatory text is designed for judges and examines the key provisions of the Model Law in the order in which a court would typically consider a recognition application.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
Consolidated Text of the UNCITRAL Model Laws on Cross-Border Insolvency, Recognition and Enforcement of Insolvency-related Judgments and Enterprise Group Insolvency (2021)
The consolidated text illustrates how States may enact the three UNCITRAL insolvency model laws together in a single integrated legislative framework.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
Regulation (EU) 2015/848 on Insolvency Proceedings
This Regulation is the core EU instrument on cross-border insolvency proceedings, addressing jurisdiction, COMI, recognition, publicity and group coordination.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2017/1105 on Standard Forms for Insolvency Proceedings
This Implementing Regulation provides standard forms for notifications and communications in EU insolvency proceedings and is highly relevant for practice.
Agreement on Cooperation on Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue in the Arctic (2011)
This was the first legally binding agreement negotiated under the auspices of the Arctic Council and provides a framework for Arctic aeronautical and maritime search and rescue cooperation.
Agreement on the Rescue of Astronauts, the Return of Astronauts and the Return of Objects Launched into Outer Space (1968)
The Rescue Agreement elaborates obligations under the Outer Space Treaty concerning assistance to astronauts in distress and the return of astronauts and space objects.
Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects (1972)
The Liability Convention elaborates the rules on liability and claims procedures for damage caused by space objects on Earth, to aircraft and in outer space.
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