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93 records
Research topics
Cross-Border Data and Digital Rule of Law
Cross-border data flows, digital trade, cybersecurity, and AI governance.
Topic snapshot
Official English
79 / 93
Year range
1996 - 2026
Authorities
European Union · 13 records
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International Organization Material
54 records
Treaty / Convention
11 records
Law
7 records
Database / Platform
6 records
Scholarship
6 records
Regulation / Departmental Rule
5 records
White Paper / Report
2 records
Case
1 records
Speech / News Release
1 records
Top authorities
European Union
13 records
Council of Europe
5 records
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
5 records
Financial Stability Board
4 records
Global CBPR Forum
4 records
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
4 records
Latest in topic
Budapest Convention on Cybercrime
The Budapest Convention is the first global treaty on cybercrime, harmonizing cyber offences and international cooperation including preservation and cross-border access to electronic evidence.
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
The GDPR is a cornerstone EU regulation on cross-border data governance, privacy rights, lawful processing and extraterritorial compliance obligations.
Digital Services Act (DSA)
The DSA reshapes platform accountability, illegal-content governance, transparency duties and oversight of very large platforms in the EU digital regulatory framework.
EU Artificial Intelligence Act
The EU AI Act establishes a risk-based legal framework for prohibited practices, high-risk systems and general-purpose AI models, making it a major global reference point.
Markets in Crypto-assets Regulation (MiCA)
MiCA establishes a unified EU framework for crypto-asset issuance, stablecoins, service providers and market conduct in digital finance.
United Nations Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts
This Convention ensures the legal effectiveness of electronic communications in international contracting and reduces formal barriers to digital trade.
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International Organizations and Global Governance
60 records
Trade and Investment
49 records
Corporate Compliance
24 records
Foreign-Related Dispute Resolution
9 records
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Cybersecurity Law of the PRC (2025 Amendment)
The Cybersecurity Law and its 2025 amendment form a core framework for cyberspace governance, critical information infrastructure protection, data export security, and cyber compliance.
Official Chinese English summary
SPC Guiding Cases on Judicial Protection of Data Rights
The SPC’s first data-rights guiding cases address data entitlement, data product use, personal information protection, and transfer of online platform accounts.
Official Chinese English summary
Extraterritorial expansion of foreign data law and the Chinese paradigm
The article examines extraterritorial data-law regimes in the United States and Europe and proposes a Chinese paradigm for data-law extraterritoriality and blocking mechanisms.
Official Chinese English summary
Cross-border data flows from the perspective of integrated legal theory
This International Business article analyzes barriers to cross-border data flows through value, norm, and fact dimensions and proposes rule-of-law responses.
Official Chinese English summary
Foreign-Related Legislation in the State Council 2025 Legislative Plan
The 2025 State Council legislative plan emphasizes coordinated domestic and foreign-related rule of law and stronger legislation in key, emerging, and foreign-related fields.
Official Chinese English summary
Regulations on Network Data Security Management
State Council Decree No. 790 details network data processing, personal information protection, important data, and cross-border network data security rules, effective January 1, 2025.
Provisions on Promoting and Regulating Cross-Border Data Flows
The CAC provisions adjust China's mechanisms for data export security assessment, standard contracts, and personal information protection certification to facilitate lawful data flows.
Official Chinese English summary
Global AI Governance Initiative
China’s Global AI Governance Initiative calls for balancing development and security, joint governance, responsible AI, and international cooperation in emerging technology governance.
China’s Law-Based Cyberspace Governance in the New Era
A 2023 SCIO white paper on China’s cyber legislation, law enforcement, cyber justice, data governance, and international cooperation in law-based cyberspace governance.
Measures for the Standard Contract for Outbound Transfer of Personal Information
CAC Order No. 13 sets conditions, impact assessment, filing, and contractual requirements for outbound transfer of personal information through standard contracts.
Official Chinese English summary
Measures for Security Assessment of Data Exports
The measures set out the scope, filing procedure, and continuing supervision requirements for security assessment of important data and personal information exports.
Official Chinese English summary
Pathways for Chinese courts to participate in cross-border data governance
The essay examines courts’ roles in cross-border data disputes, including jurisdiction, conflict rules, evidence, recognition and enforcement, and judicial cooperation.
Cross-Border Data and Digital Rule of LawForeign-Related Dispute ResolutionInternational Organizations and Global Governance
Official Chinese English summary
Between data security and openness: a Chinese proposal for digital trade rules
A China Rule of Law International Forum essay on digital trade rules, cross-border data flows, source-code protection, and China’s approach to rule-making.
Cross-Border Data and Digital Rule of LawTrade and InvestmentInternational Organizations and Global Governance
Official Chinese English summary
Personal Information Protection Law of the People's Republic of China
The Personal Information Protection Law establishes personal information processing rules, cross-border transfer mechanisms, and extraterritorial application provisions central to data compliance.
Data Security Law of the People's Republic of China
The Data Security Law establishes classified data protection, important data export controls, and liability for certain data processing activities outside China.
Hainan Free Trade Port Law of the People’s Republic of China
Adopted in 2021, the law provides the legal framework for Hainan Free Trade Port, including trade and investment liberalization, cross-border capital flows, mobility, transport, and data flows.
Regulations on the Administration of Technology Import and Export
The regulation governs technology import and export contracts, licensing for restricted technologies, and registration mechanisms relevant to cross-border technology transactions and IP licensing.
Official Chinese English summary
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (RCEP)
RCEP entered into force for China on January 1, 2022. The agreement covers goods, rules of origin, customs procedures, services, investment, IP, e-commerce, and dispute settlement.
Copyright Law of the PRC
The Copyright Law is relevant to digital content circulation, cross-border licensing, platform responsibility, and implementation of international IP treaties.
Official Chinese English summary
Beijing Treaty on Audiovisual Performances
WIPO materials record that the Beijing Treaty on Audiovisual Performances was adopted in Beijing in 2012 and entered into force in 2020, protecting performers’ audiovisual rights.
Cryptography Law of the PRC
The Cryptography Law addresses commercial cryptography, import licensing, export control, and information security, making it relevant to cross-border data, technology trade, and security compliance.
Electronic Commerce Law of the PRC
The E-Commerce Law governs platform responsibilities, online contracts, dispute resolution, and cross-border e-commerce regulatory coordination, supporting digital trade and platform compliance research.
Challenges of Emerging Technologies for International Law and Rule of Law
The keynote links rapid technology change with international-law development, highlighting the need for timely legal governance in areas such as AI, blockchain, and cross-border data in the new technological order.
Cross-Border Data and Digital Rule of LawTheory of Foreign-Related Rule of LawInternational Organizations and Global Governance
Official Chinese English summary
Consumers as Data Subjects and Data-Protection Mechanisms
The article discusses the status of consumers as data subjects and associated protection mechanisms, offering a framework for cross-border data governance and compliance duties.
Official Chinese English summary
UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce
The UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce provides legal recognition of electronic data and records on parity with paper documents.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
Budapest Convention on Cybercrime
The Budapest Convention is the first global treaty on cybercrime, harmonizing cyber offences and international cooperation including preservation and cross-border access to electronic evidence.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
The GDPR is a cornerstone EU regulation on cross-border data governance, privacy rights, lawful processing and extraterritorial compliance obligations.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
Digital Services Act (DSA)
The DSA reshapes platform accountability, illegal-content governance, transparency duties and oversight of very large platforms in the EU digital regulatory framework.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
EU Artificial Intelligence Act
The EU AI Act establishes a risk-based legal framework for prohibited practices, high-risk systems and general-purpose AI models, making it a major global reference point.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
Markets in Crypto-assets Regulation (MiCA)
MiCA establishes a unified EU framework for crypto-asset issuance, stablecoins, service providers and market conduct in digital finance.
United Nations Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts
This Convention ensures the legal effectiveness of electronic communications in international contracting and reduces formal barriers to digital trade.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
UNCITRAL Model Law on Automated Contracting
Adopted in 2024, this Model Law addresses legal recognition, attribution and validity issues arising from automated systems, algorithmic platforms, smart contracts and AI-assisted contracting.
WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT)
The WPPT protects performers and phonogram producers in the digital environment and forms a major part of the international regime for related rights.
United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea (Rotterdam Rules)
The Rotterdam Rules provide a modern legal framework for international carriage contracts including a sea leg, reflecting containerization, door-to-door transport and electronic transport records.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
EBA Guidelines on the Use of Remote Customer Onboarding Solutions
These guidelines focus on remote identification and customer due diligence processes, providing important official guidance for cross-border digital onboarding, KYC and anti-fraud controls.
Convention on Cybercrime (Budapest Convention)
The Budapest Convention is the central international treaty on cybercrime, covering substantive offences, electronic evidence, procedural powers and cross-border cooperation.
Second Additional Protocol to the Budapest Convention
The Second Additional Protocol strengthens cross-border access to electronic evidence and international cooperation, making it an important modern supplement to cybercrime mutual assistance rules.
Convention 108+ for the Protection of Individuals with regard to the Processing of Personal Data
Convention 108+ is a major international treaty framework on personal data protection, influencing data processing principles, cross-border flows and supervisory arrangements.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
Directive (EU) 2022/2555 (NIS2 Directive)
NIS2 is the core EU law on network and information systems security, covering risk management, incident reporting and supply-chain security for important and essential entities.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
Directive (EU) 2022/2557 on the resilience of critical entities
This directive focuses on resilience of critical entities in sectors such as energy, transport, finance, health and digital infrastructure, forming a key pillar of EU critical infrastructure governance.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
Regulation (EU) 2022/868 (Data Governance Act)
The Data Governance Act promotes re-use of public-sector data, data intermediation services and data altruism, making it a key legal basis for EU data spaces and digital sovereignty governance.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
Regulation (EU) 2023/2854 (Data Act)
The Data Act establishes a framework for access to and use of connected-device data, data sharing, cloud switching and exceptional public-sector access, making it central to EU data economy governance.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
Regulation (EU) 2019/881 (Cybersecurity Act)
This regulation strengthens the role of ENISA and establishes an EU cybersecurity certification framework, making it a major legal foundation for digital infrastructure and product security governance.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
Regulation (EU) 2024/2847 (Cyber Resilience Act)
The Cyber Resilience Act sets cybersecurity-by-design, vulnerability handling and compliance requirements for products with digital elements, making it a significant new EU law on product and supply-chain security.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
ICANN Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy
The UDRP is the core rule-set for addressing cybersquatting and trademark-based disputes in generic top-level domains and remains one of the most important foundational rules for cross-border domain name disputes.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
ICANN Rules for Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy
These rules govern the procedure for UDRP cases, including notice, response, decision-making and implementation, and serve as the direct procedural framework for domain dispute practice.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
ICANN Uniform Rapid Suspension System (URS)
The URS complements the UDRP by offering a faster and lower-cost path to relief for more clear-cut cases of infringing domain name registrations.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
ICANN Trademark Clearinghouse for Rights Holders
The Trademark Clearinghouse is a core rights protection mechanism in the new gTLD space and underpins systems such as sunrise registrations and trademark claims notices.
ITU Basic Texts: Constitution and Convention of the International Telecommunication Union
The Basic Texts provide the foundational constitutional framework of the ITU, including institutional powers and core governance arrangements for global telecommunications.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
ITU-T Recommendation A.1: Working Methods for Study Groups of the Telecommunication Standardization Sector
This Recommendation sets out how ITU-T study groups develop, negotiate, agree and approve standards within the telecommunication standardization sector.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
ETSI Intellectual Property Rights Policy
This policy is one of the most frequently cited international rules in SEP and FRAND disputes and has direct relevance to cross-border licensing in digital industries.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
IEEE-SA Standards Board Bylaws and Patent Policy
This rule set contains the core IEEE patent disclosure and licensing commitments applicable in standards development and is an important source for SEP governance analysis.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies
The Outer Space Treaty is the foundational text of international space law, establishing core principles on peaceful use, non-appropriation, State responsibility, liability and international cooperation.
Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space (1975)
The Registration Convention requires States to furnish registration information on space objects to the United Nations and supports transparency and identification in outer space activities.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
Principles Relating to Remote Sensing of the Earth from Outer Space (1986)
These principles form a key part of United Nations soft law on outer space and set out foundational rules on benefit-sharing, environmental protection, information and the interests of sensed States.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities (2019)
The LTS Guidelines provide a comprehensive framework on policy, regulatory measures, operational safety, capacity-building and cooperation for the long-term sustainability of outer space activities.
United Nations Register of Objects Launched into Outer Space
This is the United Nations official portal for space object registration, providing resources, submissions and implementation support relevant to transparency and accountability in space activities.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
UNESCO Guidelines for the Governance of Digital Platforms
These Guidelines provide a global reference on platform governance centred on freedom of expression, access to information, transparency, accountability, content moderation and independent oversight.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
UNESCO Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence (2021)
This Recommendation is a landmark global AI ethics standard, emphasizing human rights, dignity, transparency, fairness and human oversight with concrete policy action areas for States.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
OECD AI Principles (2019, updated 2024)
The OECD AI Principles are one of the most influential intergovernmental AI governance standards, promoting trustworthy, human-centred AI and updated in 2024.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
Council of Europe Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law (2024)
This is the first legally binding international treaty on AI, adopting a risk-based approach to ensure that AI systems remain consistent with human rights, democracy and the rule of law.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
Hiroshima Process International Guiding Principles for Organizations Developing Advanced AI Systems (2023)
These Guiding Principles are a core outcome of the G7 Hiroshima AI Process and set out governance expectations for organizations developing advanced AI systems.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
Hiroshima Process International Code of Conduct for Organizations Developing Advanced AI Systems (2023)
Building on the Hiroshima guiding principles, this Code of Conduct provides voluntary action-oriented guidance for organizations developing advanced AI systems.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
EU 2022 Code of Practice on Disinformation
The 2022 Code of Practice on Disinformation is a central EU platform-governance instrument covering transparency in advertising, fake accounts, data access for researchers and fact-checking commitments.
EU DSA Transparency Database
This is the official database under the Digital Services Act where platforms submit statements of reasons, enabling scrutiny of content moderation and account restriction decisions.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
Regulation (EU) 2021/784 on Addressing the Dissemination of Terrorist Content Online
This Regulation establishes EU-wide rules for addressing terrorist content online, including one-hour removal orders, cross-border enforcement, safeguards and fundamental-rights balancing.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
Directive (EU) 2018/1808 on Audiovisual Media Services
This Directive extends the audiovisual media framework to video-sharing platforms and addresses issues such as minors’ protection, hate speech, commercial communications and regulatory coordination.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
Regulation (EU) 2019/1150 on Promoting Fairness and Transparency for Business Users of Online Intermediation Services
This Regulation addresses fairness and transparency in platform-to-business relations, including ranking transparency, account restrictions, redress and dispute handling.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
APEC Privacy Framework (2015)
The APEC Privacy Framework is a foundational Asia-Pacific instrument for governing cross-border personal data flows and underpins later CBPR-based accountability mechanisms.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
APEC Cross-Border Privacy Rules System: Policies, Rules and Guidelines
This document is the core rulebook of the APEC CBPR System, setting out its objectives, accountability structure, certification logic and participation requirements.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
APEC Cross-border Privacy Enforcement Arrangement (CPEA)
The CPEA provides a cooperation framework for privacy enforcement authorities, supporting information-sharing, coordinated investigations and cross-border enforcement cooperation.
Global CBPR Forum Official Portal
The Global CBPR Forum evolved from the APEC CBPR framework into a broader cross-regional initiative for privacy interoperability and trusted data flows.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
Global Cross-Border Privacy Rules System
The Global CBPR System supports cross-border personal data transfers through third-party certification and accountability mechanisms, making it a leading privacy interoperability tool.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
Global Privacy Recognition for Processors System
The Global PRP System provides a privacy certification pathway for processors and strengthens trust arrangements in supply-chain and processing contexts.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
Global Cooperation Arrangement for Privacy Enforcement (Global CAPE)
Global CAPE connects participating privacy enforcement authorities to support investigations, enforcement coordination and information-sharing across borders.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
OECD Guidelines Governing the Protection of Privacy and Transborder Flows of Personal Data (as revised in 2013)
The OECD Privacy Guidelines are a classic international benchmark for privacy and transborder data flow governance and have influenced national privacy laws and transfer mechanisms.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
OECD Recommendation on Cross-border Co-operation in the Enforcement of Laws Protecting Privacy (2007)
This OECD Recommendation focuses on cross-border cooperation among privacy enforcement authorities and is a key text linking privacy norms with practical enforcement.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
OECD Data Free Flow with Trust (DFFT)
DFFT is a core concept in current global digital trade and cross-border data governance, and this OECD hub consolidates official work on trusted data flows and interoperable policy approaches.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
OECD Declaration on Government Access to Personal Data Held by Private Sector Entities (2022)
This Declaration sets out shared safeguards for government access to personal data held by private-sector entities and is highly relevant to trust and interoperability in cross-border data flows.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
G7 Digital Trade Principles (2021)
The G7 Digital Trade Principles articulate shared positions on open digital markets, cross-border data flows, privacy, source code, cybersecurity and paperless trade.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
WTO Work Programme on Electronic Commerce (1998)
This is the foundational WTO text on electronic commerce, assigning work across WTO bodies on trade in goods, services, intellectual property and development dimensions of e-commerce.
WTO Agreement on Electronic Commerce Negotiation and Text Hub
This WTO hub consolidates official materials on the Joint Statement Initiative on electronic commerce and is a key source for tracking evolving digital trade rules.
FSB Cross-border Payments Hub
This is the Financial Stability Board’s official hub for cross-border payments, bringing together the G20 roadmap, progress reports, policy recommendations and implementation developments.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
CPMI Harmonised ISO 20022 Data Requirements for Enhancing Cross-border Payments (Updated 2026)
This report is a key technical output under the G20 cross-border payments programme and seeks to reduce fragmented implementation of ISO 20022 to improve automation, transparency and interoperability.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
FSB Recommendations to Promote Alignment and Interoperability Across Data Frameworks Related to Cross-border Payments (2024)
This FSB text addresses frictions arising from data frameworks applicable to cross-border payments, including privacy, AML/CFT, sanctions, localisation and supervisory requirements.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
FSB High-level Recommendations for the Regulation, Supervision and Oversight of Global Stablecoin Arrangements (2023)
These recommendations form a key international framework for global stablecoin governance, addressing governance, reserve assets, redemption rights, cross-border coordination and risk controls.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
FSB High-level Recommendations for the Regulation, Supervision and Oversight of Crypto-asset Activities and Markets (2023)
These recommendations establish a global baseline for crypto-asset regulation based on the principle of same activity, same risk, same regulation, with emphasis on cross-border cooperation and functional separation.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
Central Bank Digital Currencies: Foundational Principles and Core Features (2020)
This joint report is one of the most influential benchmark texts on CBDCs, setting out foundational principles such as doing no harm to monetary and financial stability and coexistence with existing forms of money.
BIS Innovation Hub Work on Central Bank Digital Currency
This BIS Innovation Hub page consolidates work on retail, wholesale and cross-border CBDCs and is a key official source for tracking international CBDC experimentation.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
IMF Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) Virtual Handbook
This handbook is a policy and practice guide for central banks and finance ministries, covering CBDC issues such as financial stability, monetary policy, privacy, cross-border payments and legal foundations.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
IMF Central Bank Digital Currencies for Cross-border Payments (2021)
This policy paper focuses specifically on the use of CBDCs for cross-border payments, examining design pathways, opportunities and constraints at the international level.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
SWIFT Oversight
This page explains the cooperative oversight framework for SWIFT led by the National Bank of Belgium with participation from G10 central banks.
International Organizations and Global Governance International Organization Material Official English
SWIFT ISO 20022 Programme
This is SWIFT’s official gateway for ISO 20022 migration in cross-border payments, covering CBPR+, timelines, implementation resources and further milestones.
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